workflow: fix package version extraction using pacman -Qp
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# Python Testing Patterns — Advanced Reference
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Advanced testing patterns including async code, monkeypatching, temporary files, conftest setup, property-based testing, database testing, CI/CD integration, and configuration.
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## Pattern 6: Testing Async Code
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```python
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# test_async.py
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import pytest
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import asyncio
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async def fetch_data(url: str) -> dict:
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"""Fetch data asynchronously."""
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await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
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return {"url": url, "data": "result"}
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@pytest.mark.asyncio
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async def test_fetch_data():
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"""Test async function."""
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result = await fetch_data("https://api.example.com")
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assert result["url"] == "https://api.example.com"
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assert "data" in result
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@pytest.mark.asyncio
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async def test_concurrent_fetches():
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"""Test concurrent async operations."""
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urls = ["url1", "url2", "url3"]
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tasks = [fetch_data(url) for url in urls]
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results = await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
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assert len(results) == 3
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assert all("data" in r for r in results)
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@pytest.fixture
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async def async_client():
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"""Async fixture."""
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client = {"connected": True}
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yield client
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client["connected"] = False
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@pytest.mark.asyncio
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async def test_with_async_fixture(async_client):
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"""Test using async fixture."""
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assert async_client["connected"] is True
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```
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## Pattern 7: Monkeypatch for Testing
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```python
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# test_environment.py
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import os
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import pytest
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def get_database_url() -> str:
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"""Get database URL from environment."""
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return os.environ.get("DATABASE_URL", "sqlite:///:memory:")
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def test_database_url_default():
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"""Test default database URL."""
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# Will use actual environment variable if set
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url = get_database_url()
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assert url
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def test_database_url_custom(monkeypatch):
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"""Test custom database URL with monkeypatch."""
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monkeypatch.setenv("DATABASE_URL", "postgresql://localhost/test")
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assert get_database_url() == "postgresql://localhost/test"
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def test_database_url_not_set(monkeypatch):
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"""Test when env var is not set."""
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monkeypatch.delenv("DATABASE_URL", raising=False)
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assert get_database_url() == "sqlite:///:memory:"
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class Config:
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"""Configuration class."""
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def __init__(self):
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self.api_key = "production-key"
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def get_api_key(self):
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return self.api_key
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def test_monkeypatch_attribute(monkeypatch):
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"""Test monkeypatching object attributes."""
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config = Config()
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monkeypatch.setattr(config, "api_key", "test-key")
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assert config.get_api_key() == "test-key"
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```
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## Pattern 8: Temporary Files and Directories
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```python
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# test_file_operations.py
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import pytest
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from pathlib import Path
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def save_data(filepath: Path, data: str):
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"""Save data to file."""
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filepath.write_text(data)
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def load_data(filepath: Path) -> str:
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"""Load data from file."""
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return filepath.read_text()
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def test_file_operations(tmp_path):
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"""Test file operations with temporary directory."""
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# tmp_path is a pathlib.Path object
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test_file = tmp_path / "test_data.txt"
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# Save data
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save_data(test_file, "Hello, World!")
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# Verify file exists
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assert test_file.exists()
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# Load and verify data
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data = load_data(test_file)
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assert data == "Hello, World!"
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def test_multiple_files(tmp_path):
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"""Test with multiple temporary files."""
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files = {
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"file1.txt": "Content 1",
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"file2.txt": "Content 2",
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"file3.txt": "Content 3"
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}
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for filename, content in files.items():
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filepath = tmp_path / filename
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save_data(filepath, content)
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# Verify all files created
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assert len(list(tmp_path.iterdir())) == 3
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# Verify contents
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for filename, expected_content in files.items():
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filepath = tmp_path / filename
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assert load_data(filepath) == expected_content
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```
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## Pattern 9: Custom Fixtures and Conftest
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```python
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# conftest.py
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"""Shared fixtures for all tests."""
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import pytest
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@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
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def database_url():
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"""Provide database URL for all tests."""
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return "postgresql://localhost/test_db"
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@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
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def reset_database(database_url):
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"""Auto-use fixture that runs before each test."""
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# Setup: Clear database
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print(f"Clearing database: {database_url}")
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yield
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# Teardown: Clean up
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print("Test completed")
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@pytest.fixture
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def sample_user():
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"""Provide sample user data."""
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return {
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"id": 1,
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"name": "Test User",
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"email": "test@example.com"
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}
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@pytest.fixture
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def sample_users():
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"""Provide list of sample users."""
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return [
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{"id": 1, "name": "User 1"},
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{"id": 2, "name": "User 2"},
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{"id": 3, "name": "User 3"},
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]
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# Parametrized fixture
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@pytest.fixture(params=["sqlite", "postgresql", "mysql"])
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def db_backend(request):
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"""Fixture that runs tests with different database backends."""
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return request.param
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def test_with_db_backend(db_backend):
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"""This test will run 3 times with different backends."""
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print(f"Testing with {db_backend}")
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assert db_backend in ["sqlite", "postgresql", "mysql"]
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```
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## Pattern 10: Property-Based Testing
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```python
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# test_properties.py
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from hypothesis import given, strategies as st
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import pytest
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def reverse_string(s: str) -> str:
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"""Reverse a string."""
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return s[::-1]
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@given(st.text())
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def test_reverse_twice_is_original(s):
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"""Property: reversing twice returns original."""
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assert reverse_string(reverse_string(s)) == s
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@given(st.text())
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def test_reverse_length(s):
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"""Property: reversed string has same length."""
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assert len(reverse_string(s)) == len(s)
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@given(st.integers(), st.integers())
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def test_addition_commutative(a, b):
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"""Property: addition is commutative."""
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assert a + b == b + a
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@given(st.lists(st.integers()))
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def test_sorted_list_properties(lst):
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"""Property: sorted list is ordered."""
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sorted_lst = sorted(lst)
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# Same length
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assert len(sorted_lst) == len(lst)
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# All elements present
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assert set(sorted_lst) == set(lst)
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# Is ordered
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for i in range(len(sorted_lst) - 1):
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assert sorted_lst[i] <= sorted_lst[i + 1]
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```
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## Testing Database Code
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```python
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# test_database_models.py
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import pytest
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from sqlalchemy import create_engine, Column, Integer, String
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from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
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from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, Session
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Base = declarative_base()
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class User(Base):
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"""User model."""
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__tablename__ = "users"
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id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
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name = Column(String(50))
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email = Column(String(100), unique=True)
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@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
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def db_session() -> Session:
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"""Create in-memory database for testing."""
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engine = create_engine("sqlite:///:memory:")
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Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
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SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
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session = SessionLocal()
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yield session
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session.close()
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def test_create_user(db_session):
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"""Test creating a user."""
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user = User(name="Test User", email="test@example.com")
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db_session.add(user)
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db_session.commit()
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assert user.id is not None
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assert user.name == "Test User"
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def test_query_user(db_session):
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"""Test querying users."""
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user1 = User(name="User 1", email="user1@example.com")
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user2 = User(name="User 2", email="user2@example.com")
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db_session.add_all([user1, user2])
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db_session.commit()
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users = db_session.query(User).all()
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assert len(users) == 2
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def test_unique_email_constraint(db_session):
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"""Test unique email constraint."""
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from sqlalchemy.exc import IntegrityError
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user1 = User(name="User 1", email="same@example.com")
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user2 = User(name="User 2", email="same@example.com")
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db_session.add(user1)
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db_session.commit()
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db_session.add(user2)
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with pytest.raises(IntegrityError):
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db_session.commit()
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```
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## CI/CD Integration
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```yaml
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# .github/workflows/test.yml
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name: Tests
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on: [push, pull_request]
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jobs:
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test:
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runs-on: ubuntu-latest
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strategy:
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matrix:
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python-version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]
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steps:
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- uses: actions/checkout@v3
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- name: Set up Python
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uses: actions/setup-python@v4
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with:
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python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
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- name: Install dependencies
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run: |
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pip install -e ".[dev]"
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pip install pytest pytest-cov
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- name: Run tests
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run: |
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pytest --cov=myapp --cov-report=xml
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- name: Upload coverage
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uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
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with:
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file: ./coverage.xml
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```
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## Configuration Files
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```ini
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# pytest.ini
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[pytest]
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testpaths = tests
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python_files = test_*.py
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python_classes = Test*
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python_functions = test_*
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addopts =
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-v
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--strict-markers
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--tb=short
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--cov=myapp
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--cov-report=term-missing
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markers =
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slow: marks tests as slow
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integration: marks integration tests
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unit: marks unit tests
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e2e: marks end-to-end tests
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```
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```toml
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# pyproject.toml
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[tool.pytest.ini_options]
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testpaths = ["tests"]
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python_files = ["test_*.py"]
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addopts = [
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"-v",
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"--cov=myapp",
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"--cov-report=term-missing",
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]
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[tool.coverage.run]
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source = ["myapp"]
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omit = ["*/tests/*", "*/migrations/*"]
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[tool.coverage.report]
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exclude_lines = [
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"pragma: no cover",
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"def __repr__",
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"raise AssertionError",
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"raise NotImplementedError",
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]
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```
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